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<languages />
 
<languages />
  
According to the European Drinking Water Directive <ref name="Europäische Trinkwasserverordnung">European Drinking Water Directive</ref>water in households, which is not used for drinking or bodily hygiene, can be replaced with so-called non-potable water. This non-potable water can be relatively easily collected from roof runoff water. Roof runoff is rainwater that has come from roof surfaces. At minimum non-potable water can be used for toilet flushing, laundry washing or for irrigation purposes. In this way a savings-conscious household can save up to 50 L of drinking water per person every day. Considering the usage in Germany, this constitutes around 50% of the total usage.
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According to the European Drinking Water Directive <ref name="Europäische Trinkwasserverordnung">European Drinking Water Directive</ref> water in households, which is not used for drinking or bodily hygiene, can be replaced with so-called non-potable water. This non-potable water can be relatively easily collected from roof runoff water. Roof runoff is rainwater that has come from roof surfaces. At minimum non-potable water can be used for toilet flushing, laundry washing or for irrigation purposes. In this way a savings-conscious household can save up to 50 L of drinking water per person every day. Considering the usage in Germany, this constitutes around 50% of the total usage.
  
With today’s technology, e.g. the [https://www.intewa.de/en/products/purain/ PURAIN] rainwater filter and [https://www.intewa.de/en/products/aqualoop/ AQUALOOP ultrafiltration] and UV disinfection, the possibilities for using rainwater for new usages, i.e. with some treatment so that [[Wasseraufbereitung_und_Grauwassernutzung/en#Potable_water_systems|drinking water]] quality is achieved and can therefore be used for bodily hygiene or drinking water. The compliance and validation of the water quality is ordinarily the obligation of the individual operator.  
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With today’s technology, e.g. the [https://www.intewa.de/en/products/purain/ PURAIN] rainwater filter and [https://www.intewa.de/en/products/aqualoop/ AQUALOOP ultrafiltration] and UV disinfection, the possibilities for using rainwater for new usages, i.e. with some treatment so that drinking water quality is achieved and can therefore be used for bodily hygiene or [[Wasseraufbereitung_und_Grauwassernutzung/en#Potable_water_systems|drinking water]]. The compliance and validation of the water quality is ordinarily the obligation of the individual operator.  
  
 
'''Usage possibilities:'''
 
'''Usage possibilities:'''
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==Catchment areas==
 
==Catchment areas==
  
‎[[Datei:RWN_Niederschlagsmenge.jpg|miniatur|300px ]]
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‎[[Datei:Niederschlagsmenge_en.jpg|miniatur|300px ]]
 
The rainwater yield depends on the size and type of the connected roof surfaces and the precipitation amount. If possible, all existing sealed surfaces and roof areas should be connected to achieve the highest possible yield. Different types of roofing materials differ in both their flow characteristics as well as in the potential contamination of the gathered water gathered.  
 
The rainwater yield depends on the size and type of the connected roof surfaces and the precipitation amount. If possible, all existing sealed surfaces and roof areas should be connected to achieve the highest possible yield. Different types of roofing materials differ in both their flow characteristics as well as in the potential contamination of the gathered water gathered.  
  
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=Components of a rainwater harvesting system=
 
=Components of a rainwater harvesting system=
  
=Filtration=
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==Filtration==
 
[[Datei:Bachlauf.jpg |rechts | miniatur | Stream course]]
 
[[Datei:Bachlauf.jpg |rechts | miniatur | Stream course]]
 
See also [https://www.intewa.de/en/online-planner/ Online Planner]
 
See also [https://www.intewa.de/en/online-planner/ Online Planner]
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[[Datei:PR Filterwirkungsgrad.png|miniatur|300px|Filter efficiencies]]
 
[[Datei:PR Filterwirkungsgrad.png|miniatur|300px|Filter efficiencies]]
  
A self-cleaning, fine filter is today recognized as an important component of modern rainwater harvesting. Best results are obtained with a sieve width of about 0.8 mm. Entry of contaminants into the rainwater storage and maintenance intervals are minimized. Particular care should be taken that the sieve used is arranged in a trough, as demonstrated by the [http://www.intewa.de/products/purain/downloads/ test results of some rainwater filters]. There are self-cleaning rainwater filters on the market, with which about 50% of the precious water discards into the overflow, a catastrophic loss!   
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A self-cleaning, fine filter is today recognized as an important component of modern rainwater harvesting. Best results are obtained with a sieve width of about 0.8 mm. Entry of contaminants into the rainwater storage and maintenance intervals are minimized. Particular care should be taken that the sieve used is arranged in a trough, as demonstrated by the [https://www.intewa.de/en/products/purain/downloads/ test results of some rainwater filters]. There are self-cleaning rainwater filters on the market, with which about 50% of the precious water discards into the overflow, a catastrophic loss!   
  
 
'''Collecting'''
 
'''Collecting'''
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===Floating suction filter===
 
===Floating suction filter===
  
[[Datei:RWN_schwimmendeAnsaugfilterung.jpg|miniatur|Floating suction filter]]
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[[Datei:RWN_schwimmendeAnsaugfilterung.jpg|miniatur|200px|Floating suction filter]]
  
 
[https://www.intewa.de/en/products/rainmaster/accessories/floating-suction-filter/ Floating extraction with suction filtration] ensures that the pump always draws the cleanest water from the storage. If however, coarse particles entered the tank, then the floating extraction retains them and protects the pump. The suction filter should not be too fine-meshed to prevent blocking by biofouling. This blocking can rapidly develop to defects in the pump. The ideal mesh size of the suction filter is around 1 mm.
 
[https://www.intewa.de/en/products/rainmaster/accessories/floating-suction-filter/ Floating extraction with suction filtration] ensures that the pump always draws the cleanest water from the storage. If however, coarse particles entered the tank, then the floating extraction retains them and protects the pump. The suction filter should not be too fine-meshed to prevent blocking by biofouling. This blocking can rapidly develop to defects in the pump. The ideal mesh size of the suction filter is around 1 mm.
  
===Feinstfilter===
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===Fine filter===
Durch den Einsatz der beschriebenen Filter- und Reinigungstechniken wird der Einsatz von Feinstfiltern mit Maschenweiten < 0,8 mm für den Betrieb von WC, Waschmaschine und Bewässerung überflüssig.   
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By using the described filtration and cleaning techniques, the use of fine filters with mesh openings < 0.8 mm for toilets, washing machines and irrigation is redundant.   
  
 
Finer filters may be needed for special requirements with process water. Then such a filter is to be installed on the pressure side behind the pump. During operation it is important to pay attention to regular maintenance as fine filters retain dirt. They should be opaque and care should be taken to ensure simple maintenance with provided stopcocks and ventilation.
 
Finer filters may be needed for special requirements with process water. Then such a filter is to be installed on the pressure side behind the pump. During operation it is important to pay attention to regular maintenance as fine filters retain dirt. They should be opaque and care should be taken to ensure simple maintenance with provided stopcocks and ventilation.
  
 
===Disinfection===
 
===Disinfection===
See INTEWA WIKI guidelines for [Wasseraufbereitung_und_Grauwassernutzung/en|water treatment and greywater recycling]
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See INTEWA WIKI guidelines for [[Wasseraufbereitung_und_Grauwassernutzung/en|water treatment and greywater recycling]]
  
 
===Sedimentation===
 
===Sedimentation===
  
[[Datei:RWN_Sedimentation.jpg|rechts|miniatur|Inlet calming]]
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[[Datei:RWN_Sedimentation.jpg|rechts|miniatur|200px|Inlet calming]]
  
 
The inflowing water may still contain fine substances, which are not retained by the filter. These sedimentation constituents gradually settle down on the bottom of the storage with time, where some additional biological self-cleaning effects are active. To avoid dispersion of the accruing sedimentation layer, the inflow into the cistern should be done through an inlet calmer.
 
The inflowing water may still contain fine substances, which are not retained by the filter. These sedimentation constituents gradually settle down on the bottom of the storage with time, where some additional biological self-cleaning effects are active. To avoid dispersion of the accruing sedimentation layer, the inflow into the cistern should be done through an inlet calmer.
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===Above-ground tank===
 
===Above-ground tank===
[[Datei:RWN Oberirdischer speicher.png|300px| miniatur|Above-ground tank]]
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[[Datei:RWN Oberirdischer speicher.png|200px| miniatur|Above-ground tank]]
 
Freely erectable, above-ground tanks can be assembled in the garden, basement or on the roof of a house. They are often used when there is no possibility for underground installation of a tank, such as retrofitting in rocky ground or too narrow construction areas.  
 
Freely erectable, above-ground tanks can be assembled in the garden, basement or on the roof of a house. They are often used when there is no possibility for underground installation of a tank, such as retrofitting in rocky ground or too narrow construction areas.  
  
 
The tank must be statically dimensioned in such a way that it can withstand the water pressure permanently without deformation.  
 
The tank must be statically dimensioned in such a way that it can withstand the water pressure permanently without deformation.  
"Note:"
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''Note:''
 
Most underground tanks cannot be freely erected.  
 
Most underground tanks cannot be freely erected.  
  
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===GRP tank (glass-reinforced plastic)===
 
===GRP tank (glass-reinforced plastic)===
 
[[Datei:RWN gfk speicher.png‎ |300px|miniatur|GRP tank]]
 
[[Datei:RWN gfk speicher.png‎ |300px|miniatur|GRP tank]]
Glass-reinforced plastic tanks are recommended for large storage volumes up to about 250 m³ mostly in the commercial sector. They can be made of one piece. Production is relatively flexible, so that requirements of larger construction projects can be catered to, for example heavy loads of up to SLW60 (60 t truck trafficability), flexible connection choices, integration of additional manhole shafts, fittings, pipes, internal partitions etc. These tanks are also suited as retention tanks or fire-fighting water tanks.
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Glass-reinforced plastic tanks are recommended for large storage volumes up to about 250 m³ mostly in the commercial sector. They can be made of one piece. Production is relatively flexible, so that requirements of larger construction projects can be catered to, for example heavy loads of up to SLW60 (60 t truck trafficability), flexible connection choices, integration of additional manhole shafts, fittings, pipes, internal partitions etc. These tanks are also suited as [[Versickerung_und_Retention/en|retention tanks]] or fire-fighting water tanks.
  
===Betonzisternen===
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===Concrete tank===
[[Datei:Betonzisterne.png|300px|miniatur|Betonzisterne]]
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[[Datei:Betonzisterne.png|300px|miniatur|Concrete tank]]
Viele Betonwerke produzieren heute monolithische Zisternen (ohne Fugen im Wasserbereich) für die Regenwassernutzung in Größen von bis zu 20 m³. Aufgrund des Gewichtes der Zisternen und der entsprechend hohen Transportaufwendungen für spezial LKW mit Heckkränen finden sie meist wenige 100 km regional Ihren Einsatz um das Herstellwerk. Da die Zisternen am geeignetsten vom Heckkran aus direkt in die Baugruben eingesetzt werden, müssen diese für den LKW gut zugänglich sein. Die meisten Betonzisternen sind in der Regel mindestens PKW befahrbar und mit entsprechender Abdeckung auch LKW befahrbar. Bei entsprechender Erdüberdeckung können Betonspeicher auch bei hohem Grundwasser verwendet werden. Bindiger Boden ist zumeist ebenfalls unproblematisch. Größere Volumina lassen sich durch Koppelung mehrerer Zisternen oder in Ortbeton Bauweise realisieren. Die Qualität einer Betonzisterne bestimmt sich durch die Betongüte (z.B. Druckfestigkeitsklasse C45/55), die Armierung (Stahlbewehrung mind. in Zisternenboden und Deckel) und der Wandstärke (mind. 8 cm).
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Several concrete factories now produce monolithic concrete tanks (without junctions in water area) for rainwater harvesting in sizes of up to 20 m³. Due to the weight of tanks and the corresponding high transportation costs on special trucks with rear-mounted cranes, they are usually used within a range of a few 100 km around the production factory. Since the tanks can be directly installed in the excavation pit most suitably by the rear crane, it must be well accessible by the truck. Most concrete tanks are usually trafficable by passenger cars and with the appropriate cover even by trucks. With appropriate soil cover, the concrete tank can also be used with high groundwater. Cohesive soils are usually unproblematic. Larger volumes can be realized by coupling multiple tanks or with in-situ concrete construction. The quality of a concrete cistern is determined by the concrete quality (e.g. compressive strength class C45/55), the concrete reinforcement (steel reinforcement at least in the base and cover) and wall thickness (min. 8 cm).
  
===Ehemalige Öltanks und Klärgruben===
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===Former oil and septic tanks===
Manchmal können auch ehemalige Klärgruben oder alte Öltanks als Regenwasserspeicher umgerüstet werden. Die alten Tanks sollten jedoch noch gut in Schuss sein, ansonsten ist die Umrüstung teurer und aufwendiger, als gleich einen neuen Speicher zu verwenden. Eine Beschichtung für einen Stahlspeicher kann schnell teurer sein, als ein neuer Regenwasserspeicher.
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Sometimes even former septic tanks or old oil tanks can be retrofitted for rainwater storage. The old tanks should still be in good condition otherwise the retrofit is more expensive and elaborate than using a new tank. A coating for a steel tank can quickly become more expensive than a new rainwater tank.
  
===Tunnelsystem===
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===Tunnel system===
[[Datei:RWN Tunnelsystem.png|rechts|300px |miniatur| Tunnelsystem]]
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[[Datei:RWN Tunnelsystem.png|rechts|300px |miniatur| Tunnel system]]
  
Sind besondere Bauformen und Größen für die Regenwasserspeicherung gefragt, kann es sinnvoll sein, Kunststoffelemente aus der Regenwasser- [[Versickerung und Retention]] zu verwenden. DRAINMAX Tunnelelemente z.B. können dazu in eine Folienwanne installiert werden. Das Speichervolumen setzt sich dann zusammen aus dem  Hohlraumvolumen im Füllmaterial und dem Speichervolumen der Tunnel.
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If special designs and sizes are requested for rainwater storage, then it may be appropriate to use plastic elements for rainwater [[Versickerung_und_Retention/en|infiltration and retention]]. DRAINMAX tunnel elements for instance can be installed in an enclosed sheet basin. The storage volume is then made up of the void volume in the backfill material and the storage volume of the tunnel.
  
=Planung und Dimensionierung=
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=Planning and dimensioning=
Für die Dimensionierung einer Regenwassernutzungsanlage sind folgende Online Tools hilfreich:  
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For dimensioning a rainwater harvesting system, the following Online Tools are very helpful:  
  
[https://www.intewa.de/fileadmin/rainplanertools/de/purain.html Dimensionierung von Filtern]
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[https://www.intewa.de/fileadmin/rainplanertools/en/purain.html Dimensioning filters]
  
[https://www.intewa.de/fileadmin/rainplanertools/de/rainmaster.html Dimensionierung von Pumpen]
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[https://www.intewa.de/fileadmin/rainplanertools/en/rainmaster.html Dimensioning pumps]
  
Dimensionierung von Zisternen
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Dimensioning cisterns
  
Für größere Projekte lässt sich die Berechnung einer optimalen Speichergröße mit langjährigen Regendaten mit der [[#Speichersimulation mit Software|Rainplaner Software]] durchführen.
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For larger projects, perform a calculation for optimal storage sizes utilizing long-term rain data with the [[#Storage simulation with software|Rainplaner Software]].
  
Um eine optimale Speichergröße berechnen zu können, ist das Verhältnis von Regenwasserertrag und [[#Betriebswasserbedarf|Betriebswasserbedarf]] zu ermitteln.
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In order to calculate the optimal storage size, the relationship between rainwater yield and [[#Non-potable water requirement|non-potable water requirement]] needs to be determined.
  
==Regenwasserertrag==
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==Rainwater yield==
Für eine überschlägige Rechnung, die meist zur Dimensionierung der Speichergröße ausreichend ist, hat sich die folgende Berechnung des mittleren jährlichen Regenwasserertrags bewährt:  
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For a rough calculation that is enough for most storage size dimensioning, the following calculation is reliable for an average yearly rainwater yield:  
  
 
{| class="wikitable"
 
{| class="wikitable"
 
|-
 
|-
! '''Regenwasserertrag  = Dachfläche x Niederschlagsmenge x Abflussbeiwert x Filterwirkungsgrad'''
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! '''Rainwater yield = roof area x precipitation amount x runoff coefficient x filter efficiency'''
 
|-
 
|-
 
|}
 
|}
  
[[Datei:RWN ProjezierteDachflaeche.png|300px |miniatur| projezierte Dachfläche]]
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[[Datei:RWN ProjezierteDachflaeche.png|300px |miniatur| Projected roof area]]
  
'''Dachfläche''': Als Dachfläche ist die projizierte Dachfläche einschließlich aller Überhänge in m² einzusetzen.
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'''Roof area''': The roof area includes the projected roof area in m² including all overhangs.
  
'''Niederschlagsmenge''': Die durchschnittliche jährliche [[#Niederschlag|Niederschlagsmenge]] in mm/Jahr ist der Übersichtskarte zu entnehmen. Genauere Angaben sind beim jeweiligen Wetteramt zu erfragen.
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'''Precipitation amount''': The average annual [[#Precipitation|precipitation]] in mm/year is shown in the overview map. More detailed information can be obtained from the respective weather bureau.
  
'''Abflussbeiwert''': Der Abflussbeiwert bestimmt den Anteil der Niederschläge an den Gesamtniederschlägen, der tatsächlich vom Dach abläuft. Hierbei handelt es sich um eine stark vereinfachte Nachbildung des Rückhalteverhaltens unterschiedlicher Dachmaterialien, die sich in der Praxis bewährt hat.
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'''Runoff coefficient''': The runoff coefficient determines the proportion of rainfall from the total precipitation that is actually released by the roof. Described here is a very simplified simulation of the retention in different roofing materials, which have been tested in practice.
  
Abflussbeiwert verschiedener Dachbedeckungen gemäß DIN 1989 Teil1:
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Runoff coefficients for different roof materials according to DIN 1989 Part 1:
 
{| class="wikitable"
 
{| class="wikitable"
 
|-
 
|-
! Dachbedeckung !! Abflussbeiwert
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! Roof material !! Runoff coefficient
 
|-
 
|-
| geneigtes Hartdach || 0,8
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| Pitched hard roof || 0.8
 
|-
 
|-
| Flachdach bekiest / unbekiest || 0,6 / 0,8  
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| Gravel / non-gravel flat roof || 0.6 / 0.8  
 
|-
 
|-
| Gründach intensiv / extensiv || 0,3 / 0,5  
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| Intensive / extensive green roof || 0.3 / 0.5  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|}
 
|}
  
'''Filterwirkungsgrad''': Bei Verwendung der [http://www.intewa.de/products/purain/ PURAIN] Filter kann mit einem effektivem Wirkungsgrad des Filters von 0,98 gerechnet werden.  
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'''Filter efficiency''': An effective filter efficiency around 0.98 is calculated with use of a [https://www.intewa.de/en/products/purain/ PURAIN] filter.  
  
'''Beispiel 1'''
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'''Example 1'''
 
{|class="wikitable"
 
{|class="wikitable"
 
|-
 
|-
! Berechnung des Regenwasserertrags
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! Calculation of rainwater yield
 
|-
 
|-
|* Einfamilienhaus mit 100 m² Dachgrundfläche und Ziegelsteindach
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|* Single-family house with 100 m² roof area and clay-brick roof
 
|-
 
|-
|* jährlicher Niederschlag = 750 mm/Jahr
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|* Annual precipitation = 750 mm/year
 
|-
 
|-
|* Abflussbeiwert = 0,8   
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|* Runoff coefficient = 0.8   
 
|-
 
|-
|* Filterwirkungsgrad = 0,98
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|* Filter efficiency = 0.98
 
|-
 
|-
|=>'''Regenwasserertrag''' = 100 m² x 750 mm/Jahr x 0,8 x 0,98 x 10-3 = 59 m³/Jahr
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|=>'''Rainwater yield''' = 100 m² x 750 mm/year x 0.8 x 0.98 x 10-3 = 59 m³/year
 
|-
 
|-
 
|}
 
|}
  
==Betriebswasserbedarf==
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==Non-potable water requirement==
[[Datei:Wasserbedarf Uni Oldenburg.png|miniatur|300px| Wasserbedarf Liter/ Person und Tag; a. Trinken; b. Kochen; c. Geschirrspüler; d. Waschen; e. Zähne putzen; f. Baden - 2 mal wöchenlich; g. Duchen - 2 mal wöchenlich; h. Toilette; i. Waschmaschine; j. Wohnung reinigen; k. Autowäsche; l. Blumen gießen; m. Gartenbewässerung]]Quelle <ref name="Uni OL">DIN 1989-1</ref>
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[[Datei:Wasserbedarf Uni Oldenburg.png|miniatur|300px| Water requirement in litre per person and day: a. Drinking; b. Cooking; c. Dishwasher; d. Washing; e. Teeth brushing; f. Bathing - two times a week; g. Showering - two times a week; h. Toilet; i. Washing machine; j. House cleaning; k. Car washing; l. Flower watering; m. Garden irrigation]]Source <ref name="Uni OL">DIN 1989-1</ref>
  
Der Betriebswasserbedarf hängt von den angeschlossenen Verbrauchseinheiten und deren Nutzung ab. Für den Bedarf pro Person und Tag sind in der folgenden Tabelle einige Durchschnittswerte zusammen gefasst:  
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The non-potable requirement depends on the connected fixtures and their usage. Some average values are summarized in the table below for the requirement per person and day:
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
 
|-
 
|-
!  !!  !! Tägl. durchschn. Verbrauch / Person
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!  !!  !! Daily average consumption / person
 
|-
 
|-
| rowspan="6" | '''Wohnhaus'''  
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| rowspan="6" | '''House'''  
| Toilettenspülung || 30 Liter
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| Toilet flushing || 30 litres
 
|-
 
|-
| Waschmaschine || 10 Liter
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| Washing machine || 10 litres
 
|-
 
|-
| Gartenbewässerung || 60 l/m² Jahr
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| Garden irrigation || 60 L/m² year
 
|-
 
|-
| Reinigungszwecke || 6 Liter
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| Cleaning purposes  || 6 litres
 
|-
 
|-
| Dusche, Baden, Handwaschbecken || 59 Liter
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| Showering, bathing, hand washing  || 59 litres
 
|-
 
|-
| Trinkwasser || 1 Liter
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| Drinking water || 1 litre
 
|-
 
|-
| rowspan="2" | '''Bürogebäude'''
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| rowspan="2" | '''Office building'''
| Reinigungszwecke ||  
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| Cleaning purposes ||  
 
|-
 
|-
| Toilettenspülung || 12 Liter
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| Toilet flushing || 12 litres
 
|-
 
|-
| rowspan="2" | '''Schule / Sportanlage'''  
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| rowspan="2" | '''School / sports hall'''  
| Toilettenspülung || 6 Liter
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| Toilet flushing || 6 litres
 
|-
 
|-
| Beregnungsanlage || 200 l/m²
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| Sprinkler system || 200 L/m²
 
|-
 
|-
 
|}
 
|}
  
'''Beispiel 2'''
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'''Example 2'''
 
{|class="wikitable"
 
{|class="wikitable"
 
|-
 
|-
! colspan="3"|Berechnung des Betriebswasserbedarfs
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! colspan="3"|Calculation of non-potable water requirement
 
|-
 
|-
| * täglicher Betriebswasserbedarf 4-Personen-Haushalt: || ||
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| * * daily requirement of non-potable water in a 4-person household: || ||
 
|-
 
|-
| * Toilettenspülung || 30 Liter / Pers. x 4 Pers. =|| 120 Liter
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| * Toilet flushing || 30 litres / person x 4 people =|| 120 litres
 
|-
 
|-
| * Waschmaschine|| 10 Liter / Pers. x 4 Pers. =|| 40 Liter
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| * Washing machine || 10 litres / person x 4 people =|| 40 litres
 
|-
 
|-
| * Gartenbewässerung|| 1 Liter / Pers. x 4 Pers. =|| 4 Liter
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| * Garden irrigation|| 1 litre / person x 4 people =|| 4 litres
 
|-
 
|-
|=> Gesamter '''Betriebswasserbedarf pro Tag:'''|| ||'''164 Liter'''
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|=> Total '''non-potable water requirement per day:'''|| ||'''164 litres'''
 
|-
 
|-
|=> '''Jahresbedarf''': || 164 Liter/Tag x 365 Tage =||'''60 m³'''
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|=> '''Annual requirement''': || 164 litres/day x 365 days =||'''60 m³'''
 
|-
 
|-
 
|}
 
|}
Bei einem Vergleich mit dem in Beispiel 1 ermittelten Regenwasserertrag von 60 m³ für ein Einfamilienhaus zeigt sich, dass nahezu der gesamte Bedarf von Toilette, Waschmaschine und Garten durch den mittleren Regenwasserertrag gedeckt werden könnte.
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When compared with the rainwater yield of 59 m³ determined in Example 1 for a single-family house, it is seen that almost the total requirement of the toilet, washing machine and garden can be covered by the average rainwater yield.
  
==Speichergrößen==
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==Tank sizes==
[[Datei:RWN_Speichergroesse.jpg|300px |miniatur|Speichergröße]]
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[[Datei:Speichergroesse_en.png|300px |miniatur|Tank size]]
  
'''Ertrag = Bedarf'''<br />
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'''Yield = Requirement'''<br />
Decken sich Regenwasserertrag und Regenwasserbedarf, so hat sich als einfacher Auslegungswert ein Speichervolumen von 5 % des durchschnittlichen jährlichen Regenwasserertrages bewährt. Dabei ist ein nicht nutzbares Tankvolumen (zum Beispiel 300 Liter bei einem 3000 Liter Tank) zu berücksichtigen, das aus dem Raum zwischen Ansaugstelle und Speicherboden resultiert:
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If the rainwater yield covers the non-potable water requirement, then an easy dimensioning value of 5% of the average yearly rainwater yield is reliable. In the image attention must be paid to the non-used portion of the tank (e.g. 300 litres in a 3000 litre tank) found between the tank bottom and the suction inlet.
  
'''Ertrag << Bedarf'''<br />
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'''Yield << Requirement'''<br />
Bei einem Regenwasserertrag, der dauerhaft wesentlich geringer als der Betriebswasserbedarf ist, sind kleiner dimensionierte Zisternen vorzuziehen. In diesem Fall ist ein Speichervolumen von 3 % des durchschnittlichen jährlichen Regenwasser-Ertrages ausreichend. Bei zu geringem Ertrag sollte zunächst geprüft werden, ob weitere Dachflächen (z. B. Nachbargebäude) an die Anlage angeschlossen werden können. Falls dies nicht möglich ist, kann es u. U. sinnvoll sein, nur einen Teil der Verbrauchsstellen an die Regenwassernutzung anzuschließen, um so die notwendige Menge nachgespeisten Trinkwassers gering zu halten.
+
Tanks with smaller dimensions are preferred when the rainwater yield is permanently much lower than the non-potable water requirement. In this case, a tank volume of 3% of the average annual rainwater yield is sufficient. If there is low yield, then it should be initially checked whether other roof areas (e.g. neighbouring buildings) can be connected to the system. If this is not possible, then it may be appropriate to connect only some of the consumption points to rainwater harvesting to reduce the necessary drinking water backup.
  
'''Ertrag >> Bedarf'''<br />
+
'''Yield >> Requirement''' <br />
In diesem Falle richtet sich die Dimensionierung vorwiegend nach dem Regenwasserbedarf und kann mit etwa 5 % des jährlichen Bedarfes grob abgeschätzt werden.
+
In this situation the dimensioning primarily aligns itself along the non-potable water requirement and can with around 5% of the yearly requirement roughly estimated.
  
'''Beispiel 3'''
+
'''Example 3'''
 
{|class="wikitable"
 
{|class="wikitable"
 
|-
 
|-
!colspan="2"| Ermittlung des benötigten Speichervolumens für ein Einfamilienhaus.  
+
!colspan="2"| Determination of the required storage volume for a single-family house.  
 
|-
 
|-
|colspan="2"|Die Daten hierzu werden aus '''Beispiel 1''' und '''Beispiel 2''' übernommen.
+
|colspan="2"|The data for this example is taken from '''Example 1''' and '''Example 2'''.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|* Dachfläche (Ziegel):|| 100 m²  
+
|* Roof area (brick):|| 100 m²  
 
|-
 
|-
|* Jährlicher Niederschlag:|| 750 mm
+
|* Yearly precipitation:|| 750 mm
 
|-
 
|-
|* Abflussbeiwert inkl. Filterwirkungsgrad:|| 78,4 %
+
|* Runoff coefficient incl. filter efficiency: || 78.4 %
 
|-
 
|-
|=> '''Regenwasserertrag:'''|| '''59 m³''' pro Jahr
+
|=> '''Rainwater yield:'''|| '''59 m³'''/year
 
|-
 
|-
| Anzahl der Nutzer: || 4 Personen
+
| Number of users: || 4 people
 
|-
 
|-
| Angeschlossene Verbraucher: ||WC, Waschmaschine, Gartenbewässerung
+
| Connected fixtures: || Toilet, Washing machine, garden irrigation
 
|-
 
|-
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
|=>'''Betriebswasserbedarf:'''||'''60 m³''' pro Jahr
+
|=>'''Non-potable water requirement:'''||'''60 m³'''/year
 
|-
 
|-
|colspan="2"|* Die Dimensionierung des Speichervolumens erfolgt nach der 5%-Regel:
+
|colspan="2"|* The dimensioning of the storage volume follows the 5% rule:
 
|-
 
|-
| '''Speichervolumen:''' 0,05 x 59 m³ + 300L = || '''3,25m³'''
+
| '''Storage volume:''' 0.05 x 59 m³ + 300 L = || '''3.25 m³'''
 
|-
 
|-
 
|}
 
|}
  
==Speichersimulation mit Software==
+
==Storage simulation with software==
Bei größeren Bauobjekten und gewerblicher Betriebswassernutzung sollte eine genaue Bedarfsanalyse vorgenommen werden, um z. B. den Einfluss von saisonalen Schwankungen, von Urlaubszeiten etc. zu untersuchen. Hier kann z.B. die Simulationssoftware [https://www.intewa.de/online-planer/ RAINPLANER] eingesetzt werden.
+
Larger construction projects and commercial non-potable water usage should have a more specific requirement analysis done, e.g. the influences of seasonal variations, vacation periods, etc. Here for example the simulation software [https://www.intewa.de/en/online-planner/ RAINPLANER] can be utilized.
  
Dabei werden statt des mittleren Niederschlagswertes konkrete Regenereignisse für jeden Tag berücksichtigt. Außerdem können das Ablaufverhalten unterschiedlicher Dachmaterialien sowie der Überlauf des Speichers bei Starkregenereignissen genau nachgebildet werden.
+
Instead of using average precipitation values, actual rain events for every day are considered. Furthermore, the runoff retentions of different roof materials as well as the overflows of the storage during heavy rain events are specifically modelled.
  
[[Datei:RWN_Speichersimulation.jpg|600px]]
+
[[Datei:Speichersimulation.png|center|600px]]
  
In der dargestellten Verlaufskurve sind die saisonalen Schwankungen zu erkennen. Im optimalen Fall pendelt sich der Füllstand im Speicher über das ganze Jahr gesehen um einen mittleren Wert ein. Einige Speicherüberläufe im Jahr sorgen für die Entfernung von eingetragenem Oberflächenschmutz von der Wasseroberfläche.  
+
In the displayed trend line, the seasonal variations are identified. In optimal situations during the entire year the water level stays at an average value. A few storage overflows during the year are not a problem as they remove surface contaminants from the water surface.  
  
===Wirtschaftliche Speichergröße===
+
===Economical storage volume===
Simulationen, die schwankende Niederschlagsmengen und die Menge des Überlaufwassers berücksichtigen, belegen, dass der Speicher nicht zu groß gewählt werden sollte. Der Deckungsgrad beschreibt dabei den Anteil am Betriebswasserbedarf, der durch Regenwasser gedeckt werden kann. Für das Beispiel 3 ist dieser Wert in der folgenden Grafik in Abhängigkeit vom Speichervolumen dargestellt. Der maximal zu erzielende Deckungsgrad beträgt 94 %. Um diesen Wert zu erreichen, wäre jedoch ein äußerst großer Speicher notwendig. In der Praxis würde hier ein Speicher mit 3,5 m³ Inhalt eingesetzt, mit dem fast 80 % des Betriebswasserbedarfs durch Regenwasser gedeckt werden kann. Eine weitere Vergrößerung des Speichervolumens erhöht die Investitionskosten unnötig.
+
Simulations, varying precipitation amounts and the amount of overflow water considered prove that the storage should not be chosen as too large. The coverage ratio in the figure describes the portion of non-potable water requirement that can be covered by rainwater. For Example 3 this ratio is displayed in the graphic as dependent on the storage volume. The maximal possible targeted coverage ratio is 94 %. To achieve this value, an exceedingly large tank would be needed. In practice, a tank with 3.5 m³ would be installed that can almost cover 80 % of the non-potable water requirement with rainwater. An unnecessary enlargement of the storage volume would increase the investment costs.
  
[[Datei:RWN_Deckungsgrad.jpg|300px |miniatur|Speichersimulation]]
+
[[Datei:RWN_Deckungsgrad.jpg|300px |miniatur|Storage simulation]]
  
Um auch in Trockenjahren ein 3 bis 5-maliges Fortspülen der Oberflächenverschmutzung durch Überlauf des Speichers zu gewährleisten, sollte der Speicher nicht zu groß gewählt werden.  
+
In order to guarantee that even in dry years the surface contaminants are washed away 3 to 5 times in the overflow the storage should not be chosen as too large.  
  
Anders verhält es sich '''bei reiner Gartenbewässerung'''. Hier kann es durchaus sinnvoll und gewünscht sein, das Regenwasser aus einer Regenperiode aufzufangen, um es in der kommenden Trockenzeit zu verwenden. Dies führt zu sehr großen Speichervolumina.  
+
'''Pure irrigation''' is something else entirely. Here it can make sense and is wished that rainwater during rainy periods is collected for use during dry times. This leads to a much larger storage volume.  
  
Ähnlich ist es in '''Gegenden mit ausgeprägten Trockenzeiten und Regenzeiten'''. Wird der gesamte Wasserbedarf für die Trockenperiode in der Regenperiode aufgefangen, so müsste der Regenwasserspeicher für das genannte Beispiel etwa die 6-fache Größe haben. Alternativ kann überlegt werden, ob die Regenwasseranlage aus Gründen der Wirtschaftlichkeit nur während der Regenzeit und ggfls. mit einem noch kleineren Speicher betrieben wird.
+
Similarly, this is also in '''regions with defined dry and rainy seasons'''. If the total water needs for the dry season were to be collected in the rainy season, the rainwater storage would have to be around 6-times as big. Alternatively, thought can be given to only using the rainwater system during the rainy season based on economic reasons since a much smaller storage could be operated.
  
==Einbauhinweise für Regenwasserspeicher==
+
==Installation instructions for rainwater tanks==
  
[[Datei:RWN Einbauhinweis RWSpeicher.jpg |300px|miniatur|Einbauhinweis Regenwasserspeicher]]
+
[[Datei:RWN Einbauhinweis RWSpeicher.jpg |300px|miniatur|Installation instruction rainwater tanks]]
  
Für die Installation der Zisterne und Durchführung der Erdarbeiten ist es wichtig, die Höhe der Anschlüsse und die Einbautiefe zu ermitteln. Die hierzu benötigten Anschlussmaße der jeweiligen Speicher sind den technischen Datenblättern zu entnehmen.
+
It is important to determine the heights of the connections and installation depth for the cistern and execution of the groundwork. The necessary connection sizes of the tanks are taken from the technical product sheets. The discharge pipe must be laid below the frost-zone (in many regions in Germany e.g. 80 cm) with a 1% grade.  
Die Ablaufrohre müssen frosttief mit etwa 1% Gefälle verlegt werden (in vielen Gegenden in Deutschland z.B. mit 80 cm).  
 
  
Die Einbautiefe setzt sich demnach wie folgt zusammen:
+
The installation depth is determined as follows:
  
 
{| class="wikitable"
 
{| class="wikitable"
 
|-
 
|-
| frosttiefe Rohrverlegung '''F''' || z.B. 80 cm
+
| Frost depth pipe installation '''F''' || e.g. 80 cm
 
|-
 
|-
| + notwendiges Rohrgefälle '''G''' || z.B. 10 cm
+
| + necessary pipe grade '''G''' || e.g. 10 cm
 
|-
 
|-
| + Zulaufhöhe am Tank '''Z''' || z.B. 162 cm
+
| + inlet height on tank '''Z''' || e.g. 162 cm
 
|-
 
|-
| = Einbautiefe des Speichers  '''E''' || z.B. 252 cm
+
| = installation depth of the tank '''E''' || e.g. 252 cm
 
|-
 
|-
 
|}
 
|}
  
Je nach Bodenbeschaffenheit sind beim Ausheben noch zusätzlich ca. 10 cm für die Vorbereitung des Untergrunds vor dem Einsetzen der Zisterne zu berücksichtigen.
+
According to the ground considerations approximately 10 cm should be excavated to prepare the subsurface for the placement of the cistern.
  
===Hoher Grundwasserstand===
+
===High ground water level===
Bei einem hohen Grundwasserstand können nur speziell dafür ausgewiesene Zisternen verwendet werden. Zusätzlich muss eine Berechnung des Auftriebes erfolgen. Viele Betonzisternen können durch ihr Eigengewicht je nach Erdüberdeckung, im Grundwasser ohne zusätzliche Auftriebssicherung stehen. Zusätztliche Auftriebssicherungen können z.B. mit Bodenankern erstellt werden.
+
With higher ground water levels only specially-designed cisterns can be used. Additionally a calculation of the flotation potential must be made. Many concrete tanks can be placed in ground water without additional flotation prevention due to their own weight and ground cover. Additional flotation prevention can be introduced e.g. with ground anchors.
  
===Einstiegsöffnung===
+
===Entry opening===
Die Einstiegsöffnung des Speichers muss für spätere Reinigungs- und Wartungsarbeiten zugänglich gehalten werden. Zum Angleich an das Erdniveau können verschiebbare Domschächte oder Ausgleichsringe aus Beton eingesetzt werden. Zur Unfallvermeidung muss der Einstieg mit einem sicher verschließbaren Deckel versehen werden oder so schwer sein, dass Kleinkinder ihn nicht öffnen können.
+
The entry opening to the storage must be kept free for later cleaning and maintenance work. To adjust to the ground level extendable dome shafts or concrete compensation rings can be used. To avoid accidents the entry must be secured with a locking lid or be so heavy that small children cannot open it.
  
===Speicherüberlauf und Rückstauebene===
+
===Storage overflow and backwater level===
Die Höhe des '''Speicherüberlaufs''' ergibt sich aus den Anschlussmaßen der Zisterne. An folgende Entwässerungseinrichtungen kann der Speicherüberlauf angeschlossen werden:
+
The height of the '''storage overflow''' is designed according to the connections oft he cistern. The storage overflow can be connected to the following drainage facilities:
  
* Versickerungseinrichtung
+
* Infiltration systems
* Regenwasserkanal bei Trennsystem
+
* Stormwater sewers in separated systems
* Mischwassersystem
+
* Mixed water systems
  
Wo immer möglich, sollte der Speicherüberlauf an eine [[Versickerung und Retention|Versickerung]] angeschlossen werden, um das überschüssige Wasser vor Ort dem Grundwasser zuzuführen. Kommt eine Versickerung nicht in Frage, ist ein Kanalanschluss für den Überlauf vorzusehen. Bei vorhandenem Trennsystem wird das Wasser dem Regenwasserkanal zugeführt. Anderenfalls erfolgt ein Anschluss an das Mischwassernetz.
+
Where possible the storage overflow should be connected to [[Versickerung_und_Retention/en|infiltration]] so that overflowing water refills the on-site ground water. If no infiltration is provided then a sewer connection is necessary for the overflow. If a separated system is provided the rainwater is fed to the stormwater sewer. Otherwise it should be connected to the mixed water network.
  
Selten auftretende Starkregenereignisse können zu einer Überlastung der jeweiligen Entwässerung führen. Das anfallende Wasser kann nicht mehr geordnet abgeführt werden und ein Rückstau des Wassers in die Zisterne tritt ein. Wegen seiner möglichen Rückwirkung auf den Speicher ist in diesem Fall bei der Planung einer Regenwasseranlage diesem Punkt besondere Aufmerksamkeit zu widmen. Es muss, insbesondere bei Anschluss an das Mischwassersystem, verhindert werden, dass Schmutzwasser aus der Kanalisation in den Speicher gelangen kann.
+
Rarely occurring heavy rainfall events can result in an overload of the respective drainage. The accumulated water cannot be properly released and a backup of water in the cistern occurs. Because of the possible repercussions on the storage, special attention must be made when designing a rainwater system for this situation. It must, in particular with connection to a mixed water system, that contaminated water is prevented from flowing from the sewer network to the storage.
  
Die '''Rückstauebene''' gibt an, bis zu welcher Höhe sich das Wasser in der Kanalisation maximal anstauen kann. Die Lage der Rückstauebene wird zumeist von der örtlichen Behörde festgelegt. Anderenfalls gilt als Rückstauebene die Höhe der Straßenoberkante (DIN 1986).
+
The '''backwater level''' shows to which height water from the sewer network can be backed up to. The height of the backwater level is usually determined by the local authority. Otherwise, it is usually the same as the upper level of the road surface (DIN 1986).
  
====Speicherüberlauf oberhalb der Rückstauebene====
+
====Storage overflow above the backwater level====
[[Datei:RWN Speicherueberlauf.jpg |200px|miniatur|Speicherüberlauf oberhalb der Rückstauebene]]
+
[[Datei:RWN Speicherueberlauf.jpg |200px|miniatur|Storage overflow above the backwater level]]
Im günstigsten Fall liegt der Überlauf oberhalb der Rückstauebene. In diesem Fall kann das Überlaufwasser mit dem vorhandenen Gefälle direkt zum Kanal geleitet werden. Dabei muss sich der Überlauf an der Zisterne mindestens 20 cm oberhalb der Rückstauebene befinden. Der Überlauf muss unterhalb der Zulaufleitung liegen, sein Durchmesser größer oder gleich dem der Zuleitung sein.
+
In very few cases the overflow will be above the backwater level. In this situation the overflow water can be directed straight to sewer with the given grade. Here the overflow must lie at minimum 20 cm above the backwater level. The overflow must be below the inlet pipework with a larger or same diameter as the inlet pipe.
  
====Speicherüberlauf unterhalb der Rückstauebene an Regenwasserkanal oder Versickerungssystem====
+
====Storage overflow under the backwater level of the stormwater sewer or infiltration system====
  
[[Datei:RWN SpeicherueberlaufunterhalbRSE.jpg |200px|miniatur|Speicherüberlauf unterhalb der Rückstauebene]]
+
[[Datei:RWN SpeicherueberlaufunterhalbRSE.jpg |200px|miniatur|Storage overflow under the backwater level]]
  
Kann der Überlauf nicht rückstausicher an die Entwässerungseinrichtung angeschlossen werden, so ist nach DIN1989-1 über eine einfache [[Selbstreinigende Feinfilter|Rückstauklappe] sicherzustellen, dass bei einem Rückstau kein Wasser in die Zisterne gelangen kann.
+
If the overflow is not connected on the drainage system with backflow prevention, then according to DIN1989-1 a [[#Self-cleaning fine filter|backflow preventor]] must be installed so that by backup no water will enter the cistern.
  
====Speicherüberlauf an Mischwassersystem unterhalb der Rückstauebene oder zu höher liegender Versickerungseinrichtung====
+
====Storage overflow on a mixed water system under the backwater level or connected to higher infiltration drainage====
  
[[Datei:RWN Mischwassersystem.jpg |200px|miniatur|Regenwasserspeicher als Pumpschacht]]
+
[[Datei:RWN Mischwassersystem.jpg |200px|miniatur|Rainwater storage as pump shaft]]
  
=====Vorgabe nach Norm DIN1989-1=====
+
=====Guideline according to standard DIN1989-1=====
Bei einem Anschluss des Speicherüberlaufes an einen Mischwasserkanal oder an eine höher liegende Versickerungseinrichtung sollte nach DIN1989-1 eine Hebeanlage zum Einsatz kommen. Mit einer Hebeanlage wird das Wasser bei Erreichen des maximalen Wasserstandes durch eine Tauchpumpe über die Rückstauebene gefördert. Es ist darauf zu achten, dass die Druckleitung auch im Bereich der erhöhten Rückstauschleife frostsicher verlegt ist. Die Rückstauschleife kann dazu auch  im Haus verlegt sein. Die Dimensionierung der Pumpe erfolgt nach DIN 1986-100 mit r<sub>(5,100</sub>). Die Pumpe kann dabei im Regenwasserspeicher untergebracht werden, wodurch ein zusätzlicher Pumpschacht entfällt.
+
With connection of the storage overflow to a mixed water sewer or higher infiltration drainage a lift station must be used according to DIN1989-1. The lift station will supply the water above the backwater level by immersion pump after the maximum level is achieved. Attention must be paid so that the pressure line lies below the frost depth even in areas of elevated backwater. The backwater level can also lie within the home. The dimensioning of the pump is determined according to DIN1986-100 with r<sub>(5,100)</sub>. The immersion pump can be installed in the storage, eliminating the need for an additional pump shaft.
  
=====Ausführung in der Praxis=====
+
=====Practical execution=====
Wogegen beim Anschluss an die höher gelegene [[Versickerung und Retention]] eine Hebeanlage auch technisch unbedingt erforderlich ist, ist mit dem Kunden bei Anschluss an das Mischwassersystem abzusprechen, ob nicht doch die Installation einer einfachen Rückstauklappe ausreichend ist. Das Risiko einer fäkalen Verschmutzung durch Rückstau aus dem Mischwasserkanal kann relativiert werden, da in der Regel die Zisterne ohnehin voll Wasser steht, wenn es zu einem Überlaufen des Kanalsystems kommt. Weiterhin sind die Verschmutzungen bei diesen Regenereignissen sehr stark verdünnt.  
+
Whereas with connection to a higher infiltration and retention system, a lift station is technically required without question, it is the customer who decides if a simple backflow preventer is sufficient for connection to a mixed water system. The risk of faecal contamination with backwater from the mixed water sewer is relative since generally the cistern will be full during overflows from the sewer system. Therefore the contamination from these rainfall events is severly diluted.  
  
In der Praxis werden solche Hebeanlagen fast nie verwendet.  
+
In practice, lift stations are hardly ever used.  
  
Ebenso verhält es sich mit der Dimensionierung der Hebeanlage, da bei der Berechnung nach DIN 1986-100 mit r<sub>(5,100)</sub> sehr große Volumenströme errechnet werden. Die Volumenströme können reduziert werden, wenn ein zusätzliches Puffervolumen geschaffen wird, um das maßgebende Starkregenereignis zu reduzieren.
+
The same applies to dimensioning of lift stations since the calculation according to DIN1986-100 with r<sub>(5,100)</sub> is for very large flow rates. The flow rate can be reduced if an additional buffer volume is created to reduce the dimensioned heavy rainfall event.
  
Erforderliche '''Tauchmotorpumpenleistung bei Einsatz als Hebeanlage im Regenwasserspeicher''' am Beispiel der Starkniederschlagsreihen von Köln mit und ohne Puffervolumen:
+
Required '''immersion pump flow with usage as a lift station in a rainwater storage''' as an example of a heavy rainfall event from Cologne with or without buffer volume.
  
 
{| class="wikitable"
 
{| class="wikitable"
 
|-
 
|-
! colspan="4"| Regenspende r<sub>5</sub>, 100 = 648,5 l/(s-ha) Dachfläche A = 100 m²
+
! colspan="4"| Rainfall intensity r<sub>5</sub>, 100 = 648.5 L/(s-ha) Roof area A = 100 m²
 
|-
 
|-
 
|colspan="2"| V = 0 || colspan="2"| V = 1 m³
 
|colspan="2"| V = 0 || colspan="2"| V = 1 m³
 
|-
 
|-
| Pumpenleistung [l/min] || Pumpentyp ||Pumpenleistung [l/min || Pumpentyp
+
| Pump flow [L/min] || Pump type || Pump flow [L/min] || Pump type
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 389|| BIOX 400/12 || 195||DRENOX 250/10
 
| 389|| BIOX 400/12 || 195||DRENOX 250/10
 
|}
 
|}
Die Pumpenempfehlung berücksichtigt eine Gesamtförderhöhe
+
The suggested pumps are considered with a total supply head (H<sub>geo</sub> + H<sub>loss</sub>) of max. 2m.
(H<sub>geo</sub> + H<sub>Verlust</sub>) von max. 2 m.
 
  
Sowohl Hebeanlagen als auch [[#Selbstreinigende Feinfilter|Rückstauklappen]] unterliegen im Betrieb der Wartungspflicht und müssen daher über Revisionsöffnungen zugänglich gehalten werden. Außerdem ist der Fall zu beachten, dass wegen eines Pumpendefekts oder anstehendem Rückstau kein Wasser aus dem Speicher abgeführt werden kann, obwohl weiter Wasser zuläuft. Bei Außenzisternen ist dann ausnahmsweise ein unkontrollierter Wasseraustritt aus einem Notüberlauf, welcher im Zisternendeckel sein kann, zu akzeptieren. Ein Eindringen des Wassers in das Gebäude z.B. über das Leerrohr muss jedoch sicher ausgeschlossen werden.
+
Lift stations as well as [[#Self-cleaning fine filter|backflow valves]] are subject to maintenance during operation and must therefore be accessible by inspection openings. Additionally note that due to pump defects or continuing backwater no water can be pumped from the storage even though water continues in. For exceptional uncontrolled overflows with outdoor cisterns, a water outlet, which can be located in the cistern lid, is acceptable. Ingress of the water into a building e.g. through the empty pipe must be securely excluded.
  
==[[Pumpen, Betriebs- und Regenwasserwerke]]==
+
==[[Pumpen,_Betriebs-_und_Regenwasserwerke/en|Pumps, operation and rainwater units]]==
  
Für die Dimensionierung einer Betriebswasserpumpe ist folgendes Online Tool hilfreich:
+
For dimensioning of a non-potable water pump, the following Online Tool is helpful:
  
[https://www.intewa.de/fileadmin/rainplanertools/de/rainmaster.html Dimensionierung von Pumpen]
+
[https://www.intewa.de/fileadmin/rainplanertools/en/rainmaster.html Pump dimensioning]
  
==Leitungsnetz und Zubehör==
+
==Pipework and accessories==
Auf seinem Weg zum Verbraucher durchläuft das Regenwasser unterschiedliche Leitungen. Die Versorgung der Entnahmestellen einer Regenwassernutzungsanlage erfolgt über ein eigenes sogenanntes Betriebswassernetz. Das Betriebswassernetz muss aus korrosionsbeständigen, lichtundurchlässigen Materialien bestehen.
+
On the way to fixtures the rainwater flows through different pipes. The supply of the extraction points in a rainwater harvesting system is supplied over a so-called non-potable water network. The non-potable network must be made of corrosion-resistant, opaque material. The suction line of the pump should be inserted into a conduit in case of leakage. Optimal usage is with high-quality, kink-proof EPDM rubber material (PVC hose is not suggested due to chemical material softeners!). The EPDM hose cannot be closed together with suction from the pump, but guarantees the flexibilty for floating suction removal and easy installation through a conduit. EPDM hose also dampens pressure surges caused by switching on submersible pumps. In the case of suction pumps, a flexible reinforced hose should be used as insulation between the pump and the non-potable pipework. For quick-shutting fixtures or unfavourably installed pipework, an expansion vessel may be required between the controller and the fixtures.
Die Saugleitung zur Pumpe sollte, um Undichtigkeiten vorzubeugen, in einem Stück verlegt werden. Optimal ist der Einsatz von hochwertigem, knickfestem EPDM Gummimaterial (PVC-Schlauch ist aufgrund der Weichmacher nicht geeignet!). Er kann sich beim Ansaugen der Pumpe nicht zusammenziehen, gewährleistet aber trotzdem durch seine Flexibilität die schwimmende Entnahme und eine einfache Verlegung durch ein Leerrohr. Bei Unterwassermotorpumpen dämpft ein EPDM Druckschlauch zudem die Druckstöße beim Einschalten der Pumpe ab. Bei Saugpumpen ist zur Isolierung als Übergang zwischen Pumpe und starrem Betriebswasserleitungssystem ein Panzerschlauch einzusetzen. Bei besonders schnellschließenden Verbrauchern oder ungünstig verlegten Leitungssystemen kann zwischen Verbraucher und Steuereinheit ein Ausdehnungsgefäß erforderlich werden.  
+
Pipes and conduits should be sealed within the home using a wall bushing.  
  
Leitungen und Leerrohre sollten zum Haus hin mittels einer Mauerdurchführung sicher abgedichtet werden.
+
Pipes and conduits should be sealed within the home using a wall bushing.
  
 
[[Datei:RWN Leitungsnetz.jpg|600px]]
 
[[Datei:RWN Leitungsnetz.jpg|600px]]
Zeile 500: Zeile 498:
 
{| class="wikitable"
 
{| class="wikitable"
 
|-
 
|-
|1. Regenwasserwerk RAINMASTER Eco || 8. Regenwasserfilter PURAIN
+
|1. Rainwater unit RM-Eco || 8. Rainwater filter PURAIN
 
|-
 
|-
|2. Trinkwasseranschluss || 9. schwimmende Ansaugfilterung
+
|2. Drinking water connection || 9. Floating suction filter
 
|-
 
|-
|3. Druckanschlussset mit Ausdehnungsgefäß || 10. Zulaufberuhigung
+
|3. Pressure connection set with expansion vessel || 10. Inlet calmer
 
|-
 
|-
|4. Druckleitung zu den Verbrauchern|| 11. Schutzrohr für Saugleitung und Sensorkabel
+
|4. Pressure pipe to the fixtures || 11. Conduit for suction pipe and sensor cable
 
|-
 
|-
|5. Schwimmschalter || 12. Regenwasserzuleitung
+
|5. Floating switch || 12. Rainwater inlet pipe
 
|-
 
|-
|6. Saugleitung || 13. Mauerdurchführung MD-100
+
|6. Suction pipe || 13. Wall bushing
 
|-
 
|-
|7. Notüberlauf
+
|7. Emergency overflow
 
|}
 
|}
  
=Rechtliches=
+
=Legal regime=
Bei der Installation einer Regenwassernutzungsanlage sind einige Vorschriften zu beachten.  
+
With the installation of rainwater harvesting system attention must be paid to regulations. Below are shown the German guidelines and standards.
Hier sind die Deutschen Richtlinien und Normen aufgezeigt.
 
  
==DIN- und internationale Normen:==
+
==DIN and international standards:==
  
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:rechts"
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:rechts"
 
|-
 
|-
! Regelungsbereich !! Regelwerk !! Inhalt
+
! Scope !! Policy !! Content
 
|-
 
|-
| rowspan="11" | '''Wasserversorgung'''  
+
| rowspan="11" | '''Water supply'''  
| DIN 1989 || Norm für Regenwassernutzungsanlagen
+
| DIN 1989 || Standard for rainwater harvesting systems
 
|-
 
|-
| DIN 1989 Teil 1 || Planung, Ausführung, Betrieb und Wartung
+
| DIN 1989 Part 1 || Planning, execution, operation and maintenance
 
|-
 
|-
| DIN 1989 Teil 2 || Regenwasserfilter
+
| DIN 1989 Part 2 || Rainwater filter
 
|-
 
|-
| DIN 1989 Teil 3 || Regenwasserspeicher
+
| DIN 1989 Part 3 || Rainwater storage
 
|-
 
|-
| DIN 1989 Teil 4 || Bauteile zur Steuerung und Überwachung
+
| DIN 1989 Part 4 || Components for control and monitoring
 
|-
 
|-
| DIN EN1717 || Schutz des Trinkwassers vor Verunreinigung ...
+
| DIN EN1717 || Protection of drinking water before contamination…
 
|-
 
|-
| DIN 4034 Teil 1 || Schächte aus Beton
+
| DIN 4034 Part 1 || Concrete shafts
 
|-
 
|-
| DIN 1986-100 || Restnorm: Entwässerungsanlagen für Gebäude und Grundstücke
+
| DIN 1986-100 || Carryover standard: Drainage systems for buildings and properties
 
|-
 
|-
| DIN EN 12056 || Entwässerung innerhalb von Gebäuden ...
+
| DIN EN 12056 || Drainage inside of buildings…
 
|-
 
|-
| DIN EN 752 || Entwässerung außerhalb von Gebäuden ...
+
| DIN EN 752 || Drainage outside of buildings…
 
|-
 
|-
 
| ARCSA/ASPE/ANSI 63-2013 || Rainwater Catchment Systems
 
| ARCSA/ASPE/ANSI 63-2013 || Rainwater Catchment Systems
 
|}
 
|}
  
==Anzeige- und Genehmigungspflichten:==
+
==Obligations of disclosure and authorization:==
  
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:rechts"
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:rechts"
 
|-
 
|-
! Regelungsbereich !! Regelwerk !! Inhalt
+
! Scope !! Policy !! Content
 
|-
 
|-
| rowspan="1" | '''Baugenehmigung'''  
+
| rowspan="1" | '''Construction obligation'''  
| Landesbauordnung || I.d.R. werden Zisternen in der gängigen Größe für Ein- und Zweifamilienhäuser nicht als genehmigungspflichtig angesehen. Eine Darstellung des Anteils der Regenwasseranlage an der Grundstücksentwässerung im Rahmen des Entwässerungsgesuchs reicht aus. Die Nutzung von vorhandenen Behältern als Regenwasserspeicher bedarf einer Genehmigung
+
| State construction regulation || Generally cisterns in acceptable sizes for single and two-family homes are not obligated for authorization. A description of the portion of the rainwater system for property drainage is enough regarding a drainage petition. The use of a existing tank as rainwater storage requires an authorization.
 
|-
 
|-
| rowspan="4" | '''Wasserversorgung'''  
+
| rowspan="4" | '''Water supply'''  
| AVBWasserV §3 || Antrag auf Teilbefreiung vom Anschluss- und Benutzungszwang + Anzeigepflicht vor Errichtung der Anlage beim kommunalen Wasserversorger
+
| AVBWasserV §3 || Application for partial exemption from connection and usage enforcement + disclosure obligation before installation of the system with the municipal water supplier
 
|-
 
|-
| AVBWasserV §14 || kommunaler Wasserversorger ist berechtigt, Kundenanlage nach ihrer Inbetriebnahme zu überprüfen
+
| AVBWasserV §14 || municipal water supplier is entitled to check customer system after ist commissioning
 
|-
 
|-
| Trinkwasserverordnung || Mitteilungspflicht an das Gesundheitsamt bei Inbetriebnahme, Stilllegung oder baulichen Veränderungen Kennzeichnungspflicht der Betriebswasserleitungen, strikte Trennung von Trink- und Betriebswassernetz.
+
| Drinking water ordinance || Obligation to notify the health authority at start-up, decommissioning or structural changes Obligation to label the non-potable water pipes, strict separation of the drinking water and non-potable water networks
  
 
|-
 
|-
| örtliche Trinkwassersatzung || evtl. Anzeigepflicht bei Inbetriebnahme der Anlage
+
| Local drinking water statute || Possible disclosure obligation with commissioning of the system
 
|}
 
|}
  
Die Aussagen zu Anzeige- und Genehmigungspflichten sind als Regelwerte anzusehen. Einzelheiten sind bei den entsprechenden Behörden zu erfragen.
+
Statements regarding disclosure and authorization obligations should be considered as standard. Details should be obtained from the appropriate authorities.
  
=Quellen=
+
=Sources=
 
<references />
 
<references />
 
==Literatur==
 

Aktuelle Version vom 8. November 2018, 10:52 Uhr

Sprachen:
Deutsch • ‎English

According to the European Drinking Water Directive <ref name="Europäische Trinkwasserverordnung">European Drinking Water Directive</ref> water in households, which is not used for drinking or bodily hygiene, can be replaced with so-called non-potable water. This non-potable water can be relatively easily collected from roof runoff water. Roof runoff is rainwater that has come from roof surfaces. At minimum non-potable water can be used for toilet flushing, laundry washing or for irrigation purposes. In this way a savings-conscious household can save up to 50 L of drinking water per person every day. Considering the usage in Germany, this constitutes around 50% of the total usage.

With today’s technology, e.g. the PURAIN rainwater filter and AQUALOOP ultrafiltration and UV disinfection, the possibilities for using rainwater for new usages, i.e. with some treatment so that drinking water quality is achieved and can therefore be used for bodily hygiene or drinking water. The compliance and validation of the water quality is ordinarily the obligation of the individual operator.

Usage possibilities:

  • Toilet flushing
  • Garden irrigation
  • Washing machines
  • Showering
  • Drinking
  • Cleaning purposes
  • Cooling
  • Process water

Advantages for the end-user

  • Savings from increasing drinking and wastewater fees
  • Soft rainwater is optimal for irrigation of plants
  • Reduction of laundry detergent up to 50%
  • No hard water buildup in washing machines and softeners are unnecessary
  • Soft rainwater protects clothing
  • Low-ion rainwater reduces the incidence of kidney stones
  • Independence from the water provider
  • No anthropogenic trace substances and medical residues

Advantages for communities

  • Expenditure reduction for flood protection and avoidance
  • Cost reduction for sewer construction, renewal and operation of treatment plants
  • Savings potential by connection costs for new construction areas
  • Secure the groundwater reservoir and therefore the drinking water supply

Basic principles

Precipitation

annual precipitation (mm/year) in Germany

The precipitation <ref name="WIKI">Wikipedia</ref> is the amount of flowing water (rainwater) that has been collected in a closed basin during a specific time span from precipitation (rain, snow, hail, fog, etc.). The information is measured in litres and is correlated to square meters.

The average yearly rainfall amount
Information on average rainfall values can be obtained from the online service of weather bureaus. The average rainfall amount, e.g. in Germany is about 830 mm / year. In alpine countries 2000 mm of precipitation is very common.

average annual precipitation <ref name="DW">Wetterkontor</ref> of selected areas in Germany in mm/year

Location mm/year Location mm/year Location mm/year Location mm/year
Aachen 806 Erfurt 528 Kassel 696 Neubrandenburg 569
Augsburg 824 Essen 893 Kempten 1275 Nuremberg 627
Bayreuth 675 Flensburg 816 Kiel 752 Passau 934
Berlin 593 Frankfurt/M. 655 Cologne 804 Regensburg 643
Bonn 670 Freiburg 933 Konstanz 839 Saarbrücken 812
Bremen 713 Gera 608 Leipzig 586 Schwerin 625
Chemnitz 726 Görlitz 673 Lübeck 658 Siegen 1008
Cottbus 573 Greifswald 552 Magdeburg 521 Stuttgart 675
Dortmund 840 Halle 476 Mainz 587 Uelzen 616
Dresden 668 Hamburg 744 Mannheim 642 Ulm 744
Düsseldorf 757 Hanover 644 Munich 920 Wittenberg 576
Emden 778 Karlsruhe 740 Münster 747 Würzburg 597

Seasonal distribution of precipitation
In addition to the average amount of precipitation, the seasonal distribution of precipitation is an important input parameter for tank dimensioning.

Mean month planet.gif
Source <ref name="Wiki-media">commons Wikimedia</ref>

Peak precipitation of rain events
In addition to the average annual precipitation and the seasonal distribution the consideration of short-term rain events is important for optimal dimensioning, particularly for pipes, rainwater filters and rainwater retention systems. Heavy rain events that occur approximately 4 to 10 times in a year, hardly contribute to water yield in most regions. For instance, heavy rain events contribute only about 3% of the total water yield in Germany. By contrast, light rain events provide about 97% of the water quantity. This knowledge is particularly important for the selection of an appropriate filter system.

Evaluation of rainfall<ref name="Uni Siegen">Siegen Forschungsstelle Wasserwirtschaft fwu Universität Siegen</ref> data for the years 1993 to 1997 by Siegen Research Center for Water Management, Research Institute for Water and Environment, University of Siegen

Rainfall 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 Average Total
mm/5min % % % % % % %
0.1 64.11 64.03 67.74 69.47 68.25 66.72 66.7
0.2 19.78 20.93 18.40 16.93 18.94 18.99 85.7
0.3 8.24 8.64 7.39 6.84 6.51 7.52 93.2
0.4 3.55 2.7 2.96 2.84 2.74 2.96 96.2

The table shows that more than 96% of rainfall occurs with an intensity of up to 0.4 mm / 5 min. With a roof area of 150 m², a rainfall of 0.4 mm / 5 min corresponds to an inflow of 0.2 L / s maximum.

This precipitation characteristic, that light rain events deliver > 96% of the rainfall amount – is similar worldwide. Also refer to the values of heavy precipitation values for the USA

Catchment areas

Niederschlagsmenge en.jpg

The rainwater yield depends on the size and type of the connected roof surfaces and the precipitation amount. If possible, all existing sealed surfaces and roof areas should be connected to achieve the highest possible yield. Different types of roofing materials differ in both their flow characteristics as well as in the potential contamination of the gathered water gathered.

House and garage roofs are the most suitable catchment areas for rainwater harvesting. Particularly suited are the roofs with smooth surfaces such as tiles, slate or glass. Tile and slate roofs also increase the pH value of acidic rain.

Courtyard or parking areas With connection to courtyard or parking areas additional preliminary cleaning must be done depending on the accumulation of pollutants and separators may be required in case of risk of oil contamination.

Green roofs offer a significantly lower yield due to their natural retention effect. Here particular attention must be paid to the organic load and water discolouration. With a reasonable yield and professional construction, green roofs are quite suitable as collection areas.

Bitumen roofs cause, as with all new roofs, in the beginning a yellow discolouration in the captured rainwater. In order to prevent this colour in laundry, for the first months at least, the washing machine should not be connected.

Asbestos cement roofs The asbestos cement roof must be refurbished before the water is used for example for garden irrigation, in order to avoid the danger of loose asbestos fibres.

Metal roofs Copper, zinc and lead, depending on the runoff concentration, are not suitable for irrigating crop plants. If in doubt, a water sample should be tested. This water can be readily used however without problem for watering ornamental plants, toilet flushing and for washing machines.

Components of a rainwater harvesting system

Filtration

Stream course

See also Online Planner

With the following measures a good non-potable water quality can be achieved from rainwater:

  • Self-cleaning fine filter
  • Protection from backwater and small animals
  • Skimmer overflow
  • Floating suction filter
  • Disinfection
  • Sedimentation and biological cleaning
  • Storage

If the water needs to reach drinking water quality, further treatment steps are required such as ultrafiltration and UV disinfection.

Self-cleaning fine filter

Filter efficiencies

A self-cleaning, fine filter is today recognized as an important component of modern rainwater harvesting. Best results are obtained with a sieve width of about 0.8 mm. Entry of contaminants into the rainwater storage and maintenance intervals are minimized. Particular care should be taken that the sieve used is arranged in a trough, as demonstrated by the test results of some rainwater filters. There are self-cleaning rainwater filters on the market, with which about 50% of the precious water discards into the overflow, a catastrophic loss!

Collecting

97 % of precipitation is derived from light rain events and should be collected

It is especially important to make sure that light precipitation, which provides 97 % of water quantity, is 100% collected. With a PURAIN filter for instance, this takes place in a single collection area. Only in this way can an effective overall efficiency of > 98% be achieved. In filters without such a collection area, light precipitation always flows though the same sieve area. As a result the area quickly becomes clogged and further light rain precipitation flows into the overflow.

Self-cleaning

3 % of precipitation is derived from heavy rain events and serves for the cleaning

Heavy rain events are suitably used for self-cleaning (discharge of leaves, etc. from the collection area). Heavy precipitation events, which occur about 4 to 10 times a year (Germany) and contribute only approximately 3% of the total water yield, clean out the collection areas of for instance the PURAIN filter using turbulence, the so-called "hydraulic jump".

Protection from backwater and small animals

Non-return valve and small animal protection

Clean water does not mean only to clean flowing rainwater, but also to assure that no pollution or small animals from the drainage system can enter the storage through the overflow. This is easily ensured by a non-return valve. Some filters, such as the PURAIN 100 already include these. In some countries such as Germany, the non-return valve is a requirement of the standard (DIN 1989 Part 1 prescribed non-return valve for connection of overflow to a separate system).

Skimmer overflow

Skimmer overflow

An overflow skimmer removes with every storage overflow the floating surface contaminants and automatically transports them to the polluted water discharge. This is a sensible and practical measure to easily and regularly remove grease, pollen, etc. from the storage. The skimmer is already integrated in the PURAIN 100 filter.

Floating suction filter

Floating suction filter

Floating extraction with suction filtration ensures that the pump always draws the cleanest water from the storage. If however, coarse particles entered the tank, then the floating extraction retains them and protects the pump. The suction filter should not be too fine-meshed to prevent blocking by biofouling. This blocking can rapidly develop to defects in the pump. The ideal mesh size of the suction filter is around 1 mm.

Fine filter

By using the described filtration and cleaning techniques, the use of fine filters with mesh openings < 0.8 mm for toilets, washing machines and irrigation is redundant.

Finer filters may be needed for special requirements with process water. Then such a filter is to be installed on the pressure side behind the pump. During operation it is important to pay attention to regular maintenance as fine filters retain dirt. They should be opaque and care should be taken to ensure simple maintenance with provided stopcocks and ventilation.

Disinfection

See INTEWA WIKI guidelines for water treatment and greywater recycling

Sedimentation

Inlet calming

The inflowing water may still contain fine substances, which are not retained by the filter. These sedimentation constituents gradually settle down on the bottom of the storage with time, where some additional biological self-cleaning effects are active. To avoid dispersion of the accruing sedimentation layer, the inflow into the cistern should be done through an inlet calmer.

Storage of water

In order to ensure optimal water quality proper storage of the rainwater plays a deciding role. The water is best stored cool and protected from light to prevent as little algae and bacterial growth as possible. Further the storage must be frost-protected.

The storage has a special importance in rainwater harvesting simply due to the construction size. In tropical countries with daily precipitation a tank with only a few hundred litres covers the daily needs of a single-family house. In some areas of Spain there are cisterns today with several hundred m³ of volume in order to last through prolonged dry-periods. When precipitation events are in general uniformly distributed throughout the year (e.g. Germany) and correspond well to the needs of the users, then the useful storage volumes are much smaller than often assumed. In order to determine a useful storage volume information about the quantity and distribution of precipitation as well as the needs is required. Attention must be given to continuing climate change which is resulting in longer dry-periods and accordingly larger required storage volumes.

Generally the following storage types are distinguished:

Above-ground tank

Above-ground tank

Freely erectable, above-ground tanks can be assembled in the garden, basement or on the roof of a house. They are often used when there is no possibility for underground installation of a tank, such as retrofitting in rocky ground or too narrow construction areas.

The tank must be statically dimensioned in such a way that it can withstand the water pressure permanently without deformation. Note: Most underground tanks cannot be freely erected.

Furthermore, it is important that these tanks are absolutely opaque to prevent biological growth. Freely erectable above-ground tanks are made of several materials, the most common of which are PE, PP, GRP, concrete, coated metals, but also wood and clay.

Underground tank

They are suitable for many new buildings if excavation has already been done. They can be housed under parking areas or driveways to save space.

Underground tanks must be dimensioned for decades of useful life and for soil and traffic loads. Underground tanks are made of several materials, the most common of which are PE, PP, GRP, and concrete.

PE or HDPE plastic tank

Plastic tanks are produced by various manufacturing processes. The most common method is called rotational moulding through which PE (recyclable polyethylene) is melted in a hollow form, rotated and cooled. After demoulding, the hollow body (tank) is obtained. Since the machinery costs are not particularly high, several different shapes are available on the market. The stability and quality of the storage is determined by the suitable shape, wall thickness and ribbed-structure. Most of these tanks are offered in the walkable design (no traffic loads) and with volumes from 1000 to max. 10,000 litres suitable for single-family houses. In order to obtain greater storage volumes, several tanks can be coupled together. Their low weight makes transportation cheaper than concrete tanks and easy placement in the excavation pit without a crane. Most underground plastic tanks are not suitable for high groundwater levels or cohesive soils (clay). The uniform filling and compaction with a suitable filling material for plastic tanks is a prerequisite to achieve the necessary stability.

GRP tank (glass-reinforced plastic)

GRP tank

Glass-reinforced plastic tanks are recommended for large storage volumes up to about 250 m³ mostly in the commercial sector. They can be made of one piece. Production is relatively flexible, so that requirements of larger construction projects can be catered to, for example heavy loads of up to SLW60 (60 t truck trafficability), flexible connection choices, integration of additional manhole shafts, fittings, pipes, internal partitions etc. These tanks are also suited as retention tanks or fire-fighting water tanks.

Concrete tank

Concrete tank

Several concrete factories now produce monolithic concrete tanks (without junctions in water area) for rainwater harvesting in sizes of up to 20 m³. Due to the weight of tanks and the corresponding high transportation costs on special trucks with rear-mounted cranes, they are usually used within a range of a few 100 km around the production factory. Since the tanks can be directly installed in the excavation pit most suitably by the rear crane, it must be well accessible by the truck. Most concrete tanks are usually trafficable by passenger cars and with the appropriate cover even by trucks. With appropriate soil cover, the concrete tank can also be used with high groundwater. Cohesive soils are usually unproblematic. Larger volumes can be realized by coupling multiple tanks or with in-situ concrete construction. The quality of a concrete cistern is determined by the concrete quality (e.g. compressive strength class C45/55), the concrete reinforcement (steel reinforcement at least in the base and cover) and wall thickness (min. 8 cm).

Former oil and septic tanks

Sometimes even former septic tanks or old oil tanks can be retrofitted for rainwater storage. The old tanks should still be in good condition otherwise the retrofit is more expensive and elaborate than using a new tank. A coating for a steel tank can quickly become more expensive than a new rainwater tank.

Tunnel system

Tunnel system

If special designs and sizes are requested for rainwater storage, then it may be appropriate to use plastic elements for rainwater infiltration and retention. DRAINMAX tunnel elements for instance can be installed in an enclosed sheet basin. The storage volume is then made up of the void volume in the backfill material and the storage volume of the tunnel.

Planning and dimensioning

For dimensioning a rainwater harvesting system, the following Online Tools are very helpful:

Dimensioning filters

Dimensioning pumps

Dimensioning cisterns

For larger projects, perform a calculation for optimal storage sizes utilizing long-term rain data with the Rainplaner Software.

In order to calculate the optimal storage size, the relationship between rainwater yield and non-potable water requirement needs to be determined.

Rainwater yield

For a rough calculation that is enough for most storage size dimensioning, the following calculation is reliable for an average yearly rainwater yield:

Rainwater yield = roof area x precipitation amount x runoff coefficient x filter efficiency
Projected roof area

Roof area: The roof area includes the projected roof area in m² including all overhangs.

Precipitation amount: The average annual precipitation in mm/year is shown in the overview map. More detailed information can be obtained from the respective weather bureau.

Runoff coefficient: The runoff coefficient determines the proportion of rainfall from the total precipitation that is actually released by the roof. Described here is a very simplified simulation of the retention in different roofing materials, which have been tested in practice.

Runoff coefficients for different roof materials according to DIN 1989 Part 1:

Roof material Runoff coefficient
Pitched hard roof 0.8
Gravel / non-gravel flat roof 0.6 / 0.8
Intensive / extensive green roof 0.3 / 0.5

Filter efficiency: An effective filter efficiency around 0.98 is calculated with use of a PURAIN filter.

Example 1

Calculation of rainwater yield
* Single-family house with 100 m² roof area and clay-brick roof
* Annual precipitation = 750 mm/year
* Runoff coefficient = 0.8
* Filter efficiency = 0.98
=>Rainwater yield = 100 m² x 750 mm/year x 0.8 x 0.98 x 10-3 = 59 m³/year

Non-potable water requirement

Water requirement in litre per person and day: a. Drinking; b. Cooking; c. Dishwasher; d. Washing; e. Teeth brushing; f. Bathing - two times a week; g. Showering - two times a week; h. Toilet; i. Washing machine; j. House cleaning; k. Car washing; l. Flower watering; m. Garden irrigation

Source <ref name="Uni OL">DIN 1989-1</ref>

The non-potable requirement depends on the connected fixtures and their usage. Some average values are summarized in the table below for the requirement per person and day:

Daily average consumption / person
House Toilet flushing 30 litres
Washing machine 10 litres
Garden irrigation 60 L/m² year
Cleaning purposes 6 litres
Showering, bathing, hand washing 59 litres
Drinking water 1 litre
Office building Cleaning purposes
Toilet flushing 12 litres
School / sports hall Toilet flushing 6 litres
Sprinkler system 200 L/m²

Example 2

Calculation of non-potable water requirement
* * daily requirement of non-potable water in a 4-person household:
* Toilet flushing 30 litres / person x 4 people = 120 litres
* Washing machine 10 litres / person x 4 people = 40 litres
* Garden irrigation 1 litre / person x 4 people = 4 litres
=> Total non-potable water requirement per day: 164 litres
=> Annual requirement: 164 litres/day x 365 days = 60 m³

When compared with the rainwater yield of 59 m³ determined in Example 1 for a single-family house, it is seen that almost the total requirement of the toilet, washing machine and garden can be covered by the average rainwater yield.

Tank sizes

Tank size

Yield = Requirement
If the rainwater yield covers the non-potable water requirement, then an easy dimensioning value of 5% of the average yearly rainwater yield is reliable. In the image attention must be paid to the non-used portion of the tank (e.g. 300 litres in a 3000 litre tank) found between the tank bottom and the suction inlet.

Yield << Requirement
Tanks with smaller dimensions are preferred when the rainwater yield is permanently much lower than the non-potable water requirement. In this case, a tank volume of 3% of the average annual rainwater yield is sufficient. If there is low yield, then it should be initially checked whether other roof areas (e.g. neighbouring buildings) can be connected to the system. If this is not possible, then it may be appropriate to connect only some of the consumption points to rainwater harvesting to reduce the necessary drinking water backup.

Yield >> Requirement
In this situation the dimensioning primarily aligns itself along the non-potable water requirement and can with around 5% of the yearly requirement roughly estimated.

Example 3

Determination of the required storage volume for a single-family house.
The data for this example is taken from Example 1 and Example 2.
* Roof area (brick): 100 m²
* Yearly precipitation: 750 mm
* Runoff coefficient incl. filter efficiency: 78.4 %
=> Rainwater yield: 59 m³/year
Number of users: 4 people
Connected fixtures: Toilet, Washing machine, garden irrigation
=>Non-potable water requirement: 60 m³/year
* The dimensioning of the storage volume follows the 5% rule:
Storage volume: 0.05 x 59 m³ + 300 L = 3.25 m³

Storage simulation with software

Larger construction projects and commercial non-potable water usage should have a more specific requirement analysis done, e.g. the influences of seasonal variations, vacation periods, etc. Here for example the simulation software RAINPLANER can be utilized.

Instead of using average precipitation values, actual rain events for every day are considered. Furthermore, the runoff retentions of different roof materials as well as the overflows of the storage during heavy rain events are specifically modelled.

Speichersimulation.png

In the displayed trend line, the seasonal variations are identified. In optimal situations during the entire year the water level stays at an average value. A few storage overflows during the year are not a problem as they remove surface contaminants from the water surface.

Economical storage volume

Simulations, varying precipitation amounts and the amount of overflow water considered prove that the storage should not be chosen as too large. The coverage ratio in the figure describes the portion of non-potable water requirement that can be covered by rainwater. For Example 3 this ratio is displayed in the graphic as dependent on the storage volume. The maximal possible targeted coverage ratio is 94 %. To achieve this value, an exceedingly large tank would be needed. In practice, a tank with 3.5 m³ would be installed that can almost cover 80 % of the non-potable water requirement with rainwater. An unnecessary enlargement of the storage volume would increase the investment costs.

Storage simulation

In order to guarantee that even in dry years the surface contaminants are washed away 3 to 5 times in the overflow the storage should not be chosen as too large.

Pure irrigation is something else entirely. Here it can make sense and is wished that rainwater during rainy periods is collected for use during dry times. This leads to a much larger storage volume.

Similarly, this is also in regions with defined dry and rainy seasons. If the total water needs for the dry season were to be collected in the rainy season, the rainwater storage would have to be around 6-times as big. Alternatively, thought can be given to only using the rainwater system during the rainy season based on economic reasons since a much smaller storage could be operated.

Installation instructions for rainwater tanks

Installation instruction rainwater tanks

It is important to determine the heights of the connections and installation depth for the cistern and execution of the groundwork. The necessary connection sizes of the tanks are taken from the technical product sheets. The discharge pipe must be laid below the frost-zone (in many regions in Germany e.g. 80 cm) with a 1% grade.

The installation depth is determined as follows:

Frost depth pipe installation F e.g. 80 cm
+ necessary pipe grade G e.g. 10 cm
+ inlet height on tank Z e.g. 162 cm
= installation depth of the tank E e.g. 252 cm

According to the ground considerations approximately 10 cm should be excavated to prepare the subsurface for the placement of the cistern.

High ground water level

With higher ground water levels only specially-designed cisterns can be used. Additionally a calculation of the flotation potential must be made. Many concrete tanks can be placed in ground water without additional flotation prevention due to their own weight and ground cover. Additional flotation prevention can be introduced e.g. with ground anchors.

Entry opening

The entry opening to the storage must be kept free for later cleaning and maintenance work. To adjust to the ground level extendable dome shafts or concrete compensation rings can be used. To avoid accidents the entry must be secured with a locking lid or be so heavy that small children cannot open it.

Storage overflow and backwater level

The height of the storage overflow is designed according to the connections oft he cistern. The storage overflow can be connected to the following drainage facilities:

  • Infiltration systems
  • Stormwater sewers in separated systems
  • Mixed water systems

Where possible the storage overflow should be connected to infiltration so that overflowing water refills the on-site ground water. If no infiltration is provided then a sewer connection is necessary for the overflow. If a separated system is provided the rainwater is fed to the stormwater sewer. Otherwise it should be connected to the mixed water network.

Rarely occurring heavy rainfall events can result in an overload of the respective drainage. The accumulated water cannot be properly released and a backup of water in the cistern occurs. Because of the possible repercussions on the storage, special attention must be made when designing a rainwater system for this situation. It must, in particular with connection to a mixed water system, that contaminated water is prevented from flowing from the sewer network to the storage.

The backwater level shows to which height water from the sewer network can be backed up to. The height of the backwater level is usually determined by the local authority. Otherwise, it is usually the same as the upper level of the road surface (DIN 1986).

Storage overflow above the backwater level

Storage overflow above the backwater level

In very few cases the overflow will be above the backwater level. In this situation the overflow water can be directed straight to sewer with the given grade. Here the overflow must lie at minimum 20 cm above the backwater level. The overflow must be below the inlet pipework with a larger or same diameter as the inlet pipe.

Storage overflow under the backwater level of the stormwater sewer or infiltration system

Storage overflow under the backwater level

If the overflow is not connected on the drainage system with backflow prevention, then according to DIN1989-1 a backflow preventor must be installed so that by backup no water will enter the cistern.

Storage overflow on a mixed water system under the backwater level or connected to higher infiltration drainage

Rainwater storage as pump shaft
Guideline according to standard DIN1989-1

With connection of the storage overflow to a mixed water sewer or higher infiltration drainage a lift station must be used according to DIN1989-1. The lift station will supply the water above the backwater level by immersion pump after the maximum level is achieved. Attention must be paid so that the pressure line lies below the frost depth even in areas of elevated backwater. The backwater level can also lie within the home. The dimensioning of the pump is determined according to DIN1986-100 with r(5,100). The immersion pump can be installed in the storage, eliminating the need for an additional pump shaft.

Practical execution

Whereas with connection to a higher infiltration and retention system, a lift station is technically required without question, it is the customer who decides if a simple backflow preventer is sufficient for connection to a mixed water system. The risk of faecal contamination with backwater from the mixed water sewer is relative since generally the cistern will be full during overflows from the sewer system. Therefore the contamination from these rainfall events is severly diluted.

In practice, lift stations are hardly ever used.

The same applies to dimensioning of lift stations since the calculation according to DIN1986-100 with r(5,100) is for very large flow rates. The flow rate can be reduced if an additional buffer volume is created to reduce the dimensioned heavy rainfall event.

Required immersion pump flow with usage as a lift station in a rainwater storage as an example of a heavy rainfall event from Cologne with or without buffer volume.

Rainfall intensity r5, 100 = 648.5 L/(s-ha) Roof area A = 100 m²
V = 0 V = 1 m³
Pump flow [L/min] Pump type Pump flow [L/min] Pump type
389 BIOX 400/12 195 DRENOX 250/10

The suggested pumps are considered with a total supply head (Hgeo + Hloss) of max. 2m.

Lift stations as well as backflow valves are subject to maintenance during operation and must therefore be accessible by inspection openings. Additionally note that due to pump defects or continuing backwater no water can be pumped from the storage even though water continues in. For exceptional uncontrolled overflows with outdoor cisterns, a water outlet, which can be located in the cistern lid, is acceptable. Ingress of the water into a building e.g. through the empty pipe must be securely excluded.

Pumps, operation and rainwater units

For dimensioning of a non-potable water pump, the following Online Tool is helpful:

Pump dimensioning

Pipework and accessories

On the way to fixtures the rainwater flows through different pipes. The supply of the extraction points in a rainwater harvesting system is supplied over a so-called non-potable water network. The non-potable network must be made of corrosion-resistant, opaque material. The suction line of the pump should be inserted into a conduit in case of leakage. Optimal usage is with high-quality, kink-proof EPDM rubber material (PVC hose is not suggested due to chemical material softeners!). The EPDM hose cannot be closed together with suction from the pump, but guarantees the flexibilty for floating suction removal and easy installation through a conduit. EPDM hose also dampens pressure surges caused by switching on submersible pumps. In the case of suction pumps, a flexible reinforced hose should be used as insulation between the pump and the non-potable pipework. For quick-shutting fixtures or unfavourably installed pipework, an expansion vessel may be required between the controller and the fixtures. Pipes and conduits should be sealed within the home using a wall bushing.

Pipes and conduits should be sealed within the home using a wall bushing.

RWN Leitungsnetz.jpg

1. Rainwater unit RM-Eco 8. Rainwater filter PURAIN
2. Drinking water connection 9. Floating suction filter
3. Pressure connection set with expansion vessel 10. Inlet calmer
4. Pressure pipe to the fixtures 11. Conduit for suction pipe and sensor cable
5. Floating switch 12. Rainwater inlet pipe
6. Suction pipe 13. Wall bushing
7. Emergency overflow

Legal regime

With the installation of rainwater harvesting system attention must be paid to regulations. Below are shown the German guidelines and standards.

DIN and international standards:

Scope Policy Content
Water supply DIN 1989 Standard for rainwater harvesting systems
DIN 1989 Part 1 Planning, execution, operation and maintenance
DIN 1989 Part 2 Rainwater filter
DIN 1989 Part 3 Rainwater storage
DIN 1989 Part 4 Components for control and monitoring
DIN EN1717 Protection of drinking water before contamination…
DIN 4034 Part 1 Concrete shafts
DIN 1986-100 Carryover standard: Drainage systems for buildings and properties
DIN EN 12056 Drainage inside of buildings…
DIN EN 752 Drainage outside of buildings…
ARCSA/ASPE/ANSI 63-2013 Rainwater Catchment Systems

Obligations of disclosure and authorization:

Scope Policy Content
Construction obligation State construction regulation Generally cisterns in acceptable sizes for single and two-family homes are not obligated for authorization. A description of the portion of the rainwater system for property drainage is enough regarding a drainage petition. The use of a existing tank as rainwater storage requires an authorization.
Water supply AVBWasserV §3 Application for partial exemption from connection and usage enforcement + disclosure obligation before installation of the system with the municipal water supplier
AVBWasserV §14 municipal water supplier is entitled to check customer system after ist commissioning
Drinking water ordinance Obligation to notify the health authority at start-up, decommissioning or structural changes Obligation to label the non-potable water pipes, strict separation of the drinking water and non-potable water networks
Local drinking water statute Possible disclosure obligation with commissioning of the system

Statements regarding disclosure and authorization obligations should be considered as standard. Details should be obtained from the appropriate authorities.

Sources

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